Subject: US FDA told to stop certain antibiotics being used as growth promoters
Veterinary Record2012;170:348 doi:10.1136/vr.e2472
News & Reports
Antibiotic Resistance
US FDA told to stop certain antibiotics being used as growth promoters
A FEDERAL court in the USA has ruled that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should start proceedings to withdraw the approval of certain uses of antibiotics used in food production.
The ruling, by United States Magistrate Judge Theodore H. Katz on March 22, relates to what the FDA currently refers to as ‘production uses’ of penicillins and tetracyclines in food-producing …
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/170/14/348.2.extract?etoc
Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host Adaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock
Lance B. Pricea, Marc Steggerb, Henrik Hasmanc, Maliha Aziza, Jesper Larsenb, Paal Skytt Andersenb, Talima Pearsond, Andrew E. Watersa, Jeffrey T. Fosterd, James Schuppa, John Gillecea, Elizabeth Driebea, Cindy M. Liua,d, Burkhard Springere, Irena Zdovcf, Antonio Battistig, Alessia Francog, Jacek Żmudzkih, Stefan Schwarzi, Patrick Butayej,k, Eric Jouyl, Constanca Pombam, M. Concepción Porreron, Raymond Ruimyo, Tara C. Smithp, D. Ashley Robinsonq, J. Scott Weeser, Carmen Sofia Arriolas, Fangyou Yut, Frederic Laurentu, Paul Keima,d, Robert Skovb, and Frank M. Aarestrupc
+ Author Affiliations
snip...
Address correspondence to Lance B. Price, lprice@tgen.org.
Editor Fernando Baquero, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital
ABSTRACT
Since its discovery in the early 2000s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) has become a rapidly emerging cause of human infections, most often associated with livestock exposure. We applied whole-genome sequence typing to characterize a diverse collection of CC398 isolates (n = 89), including MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from animals and humans spanning 19 countries and four continents. We identified 4,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the 89 core genomes. Minimal homoplasy (consistency index = 0.9591) was detected among parsimony-informative SNPs, allowing for the generation of a highly accurate phylogenetic reconstruction of the CC398 clonal lineage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MSSA from humans formed the most ancestral clades. The most derived lineages were composed predominantly of livestock-associated MRSA possessing three different staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) types (IV, V, and VII-like) including nine subtypes. The human-associated isolates from the basal clades carried phages encoding human innate immune modulators that were largely missing among the livestock-associated isolates. Our results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA. The lineage appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Further analyses are required to estimate the number of independent genetic events leading to the methicillin-resistant sublineages, but the diversity of SCCmec subtypes is suggestive of strong and diverse antimicrobial selection associated with food animal production.
IMPORTANCE
Modern food animal production is characterized by densely concentrated animals and routine antibiotic use, which may facilitate the emergence of novel antibiotic-resistant zoonotic pathogens. Our findings strongly support the idea that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated as MSSA in humans. The jump of CC398 from humans to livestock was accompanied by the loss of phage-carried human virulence genes, which likely attenuated its zoonotic potential, but it was also accompanied by the acquisition of tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Our findings exemplify a bidirectional zoonotic exchange and underscore the potential public health risks of widespread antibiotic use in food animal production.
Footnotes
Citation Price LB, et al. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. mBio 3(1):e00305-11. doi:10.1128/mBio.00305-11.
Received 19 December 2011 Accepted 3 January 2012 Published 21 February 2012 Copyright © 2012 Price et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.abstract?etoc
http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.full.pdf+html
Thursday, March 1, 2012
Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host Adaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2012/03/staphylococcus-aureus-cc398-host.html
SEE ALSO ;
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2012/01/in-feed-antibiotic-effects-on-swine.html
Thursday, February 9, 2012
Occurrence and distribution of Staphylococcus aureuslineages among zoo animals
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2012/02/occurrence-and-distribution-of.html
Thursday, June 9, 2011
New Superbug Found in Cows and People
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/06/new-superbug-found-in-cows-and-people.html
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/05/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus.html
Monday, April 18, 2011
Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/04/multidrug-resistant-staphylococcus.html
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/
TSS
Sunday, April 8, 2012
Thursday, March 1, 2012
Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host Adaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock
Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host Adaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock
Lance B. Pricea, Marc Steggerb, Henrik Hasmanc, Maliha Aziza, Jesper Larsenb, Paal Skytt Andersenb, Talima Pearsond, Andrew E. Watersa, Jeffrey T. Fosterd, James Schuppa, John Gillecea, Elizabeth Driebea, Cindy M. Liua,d, Burkhard Springere, Irena Zdovcf, Antonio Battistig, Alessia Francog, Jacek Żmudzkih, Stefan Schwarzi, Patrick Butayej,k, Eric Jouyl, Constanca Pombam, M. Concepción Porreron, Raymond Ruimyo, Tara C. Smithp, D. Ashley Robinsonq, J. Scott Weeser, Carmen Sofia Arriolas, Fangyou Yut, Frederic Laurentu, Paul Keima,d, Robert Skovb, and Frank M. Aarestrupc
+ Author Affiliations
snip...
Address correspondence to Lance B. Price, lprice@tgen.org.
Editor Fernando Baquero, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital
ABSTRACT
Since its discovery in the early 2000s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) has become a rapidly emerging cause of human infections, most often associated with livestock exposure. We applied whole-genome sequence typing to characterize a diverse collection of CC398 isolates (n = 89), including MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from animals and humans spanning 19 countries and four continents. We identified 4,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the 89 core genomes. Minimal homoplasy (consistency index = 0.9591) was detected among parsimony-informative SNPs, allowing for the generation of a highly accurate phylogenetic reconstruction of the CC398 clonal lineage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MSSA from humans formed the most ancestral clades. The most derived lineages were composed predominantly of livestock-associated MRSA possessing three different staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) types (IV, V, and VII-like) including nine subtypes. The human-associated isolates from the basal clades carried phages encoding human innate immune modulators that were largely missing among the livestock-associated isolates. Our results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA. The lineage appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Further analyses are required to estimate the number of independent genetic events leading to the methicillin-resistant sublineages, but the diversity of SCCmec subtypes is suggestive of strong and diverse antimicrobial selection associated with food animal production.
IMPORTANCE
Modern food animal production is characterized by densely concentrated animals and routine antibiotic use, which may facilitate the emergence of novel antibiotic-resistant zoonotic pathogens. Our findings strongly support the idea that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated as MSSA in humans. The jump of CC398 from humans to livestock was accompanied by the loss of phage-carried human virulence genes, which likely attenuated its zoonotic potential, but it was also accompanied by the acquisition of tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Our findings exemplify a bidirectional zoonotic exchange and underscore the potential public health risks of widespread antibiotic use in food animal production.
Footnotes
Citation Price LB, et al. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. mBio 3(1):e00305-11. doi:10.1128/mBio.00305-11.
Received 19 December 2011 Accepted 3 January 2012 Published 21 February 2012 Copyright © 2012 Price et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.abstract?etoc
http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.full.pdf+html
SEE ALSO ;
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2012/01/in-feed-antibiotic-effects-on-swine.html
Thursday, February 9, 2012
Occurrence and distribution of Staphylococcus aureuslineages among zoo animals
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2012/02/occurrence-and-distribution-of.html
Thursday, June 9, 2011
New Superbug Found in Cows and People
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/06/new-superbug-found-in-cows-and-people.html
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/05/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus.html
Monday, April 18, 2011
Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/04/multidrug-resistant-staphylococcus.html
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/
TSS
Lance B. Pricea, Marc Steggerb, Henrik Hasmanc, Maliha Aziza, Jesper Larsenb, Paal Skytt Andersenb, Talima Pearsond, Andrew E. Watersa, Jeffrey T. Fosterd, James Schuppa, John Gillecea, Elizabeth Driebea, Cindy M. Liua,d, Burkhard Springere, Irena Zdovcf, Antonio Battistig, Alessia Francog, Jacek Żmudzkih, Stefan Schwarzi, Patrick Butayej,k, Eric Jouyl, Constanca Pombam, M. Concepción Porreron, Raymond Ruimyo, Tara C. Smithp, D. Ashley Robinsonq, J. Scott Weeser, Carmen Sofia Arriolas, Fangyou Yut, Frederic Laurentu, Paul Keima,d, Robert Skovb, and Frank M. Aarestrupc
+ Author Affiliations
snip...
Address correspondence to Lance B. Price, lprice@tgen.org.
Editor Fernando Baquero, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital
ABSTRACT
Since its discovery in the early 2000s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) has become a rapidly emerging cause of human infections, most often associated with livestock exposure. We applied whole-genome sequence typing to characterize a diverse collection of CC398 isolates (n = 89), including MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from animals and humans spanning 19 countries and four continents. We identified 4,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the 89 core genomes. Minimal homoplasy (consistency index = 0.9591) was detected among parsimony-informative SNPs, allowing for the generation of a highly accurate phylogenetic reconstruction of the CC398 clonal lineage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MSSA from humans formed the most ancestral clades. The most derived lineages were composed predominantly of livestock-associated MRSA possessing three different staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) types (IV, V, and VII-like) including nine subtypes. The human-associated isolates from the basal clades carried phages encoding human innate immune modulators that were largely missing among the livestock-associated isolates. Our results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA. The lineage appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Further analyses are required to estimate the number of independent genetic events leading to the methicillin-resistant sublineages, but the diversity of SCCmec subtypes is suggestive of strong and diverse antimicrobial selection associated with food animal production.
IMPORTANCE
Modern food animal production is characterized by densely concentrated animals and routine antibiotic use, which may facilitate the emergence of novel antibiotic-resistant zoonotic pathogens. Our findings strongly support the idea that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated as MSSA in humans. The jump of CC398 from humans to livestock was accompanied by the loss of phage-carried human virulence genes, which likely attenuated its zoonotic potential, but it was also accompanied by the acquisition of tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Our findings exemplify a bidirectional zoonotic exchange and underscore the potential public health risks of widespread antibiotic use in food animal production.
Footnotes
Citation Price LB, et al. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. mBio 3(1):e00305-11. doi:10.1128/mBio.00305-11.
Received 19 December 2011 Accepted 3 January 2012 Published 21 February 2012 Copyright © 2012 Price et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.abstract?etoc
http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.full.pdf+html
SEE ALSO ;
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2012/01/in-feed-antibiotic-effects-on-swine.html
Thursday, February 9, 2012
Occurrence and distribution of Staphylococcus aureuslineages among zoo animals
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2012/02/occurrence-and-distribution-of.html
Thursday, June 9, 2011
New Superbug Found in Cows and People
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/06/new-superbug-found-in-cows-and-people.html
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/05/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus.html
Monday, April 18, 2011
Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2011/04/multidrug-resistant-staphylococcus.html
http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/
TSS
Thursday, February 9, 2012
Occurrence and distribution of Staphylococcus aureuslineages among zoo animals
Original Research Article
In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 2 February 2012
Carmen Espinosa-Gongora, Dorota Chrobak, Arshnee Moodley, Mads Frost Bertelsen, Luca Guardabassi
Abstract
Thursday, June 9, 2011
New Superbug Found in Cows and People
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Monday, April 18, 2011
Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry
TSS
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome
In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome
Torey Loofta,1, Timothy A. Johnsonb,c,1, Heather K. Allena,1, Darrell O. Baylesa, David P. Alta, Robert D. Stedtfeldb,d, Woo Jun Sulb,c, Tiffany M. Stedtfeldb, Benli Chaib, James R. Coleb, Syed A. Hashshamb,d, James M. Tiedjeb,c,2, and Thad B. Stantona,2 aAgricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010; and bCenter for Microbial Ecology, cDepartment of Crop and Soil Science, and dDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
Contributed by James M. Tiedje, December 19, 2011 (sent for review July 12, 2011)
Antibiotics have been administered to agricultural animals for disease treatment, disease prevention, and growth promotion for over 50 y. The impact of such antibiotic use on the treatment of human diseases is hotly debated. We raised pigs in a highly controlled environment, with one portion of the littermates receiving a diet containing performance-enhancing antibiotics [chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and penicillin (known as ASP250)] and the other portion receiving the same diet but without the antibiotics. We used phylogenetic, metagenomic, and quantitative PCR-based approaches to address the impact of antibiotics on the swine gut microbiota. Bacterial phylotypes shifted after 14 d of antibiotic treatment, with the medicated pigs showing an increase in Proteobacteria (1–11%) compared with nonmedicated pigs at the same time point. This shift was driven by an increase in Escherichia coli populations. Analysis of the metagenomes showed that microbial functional genes relating to energy production and conversion were increased in the antibiotic-fed pigs. The results also indicate that antibiotic resistance genes increased in abundance and diversity in the medicated swine microbiome despite a high background of resistance genes in nonmedicated swine. Some enriched genes, such as aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferases, confer resistance to antibiotics that were not administered in this study, demonstrating the potential for indirect selection of resistance to classes of antibiotics not fed. The collateral effects of feeding subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics to agricultural animals are apparent and must be considered in cost-benefit analyses.
intestinal microbiota | microbiome shifts | swine bacteria | BioTrove microarray | metagenomics
snip...
Conclusions
The results show that even a low, short-term dose of in-feed antibiotics increases the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes, including resistance to antibiotics not administered, and increases the abundance of E. coli, a potential human pathogen. Additionally, analysis of the metagenomes implicated functions potentially involved with improved feed efficiency. The study design featured environmental control in a single uniform inoculum source (the mother), control of the host genetics, no exposure of the sow or piglets to antibiotics except for the treatment, and identical diet except for the inclusion of ASP250 in one group. Future studies should include other in-feed antibiotics, multiple litters of swine with robust replication, and the identification of the antibiotic-induced mechanisms that lead to increased feed efficiency. Implications of antibiotic resistance on human and animal health need to be taken into account when discussing agricultural management policies and evaluating alternatives to traditional antibiotics. With the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture at a crossroads, studies like this and others that highlight the collateral effects of antibiotic use are needed.
Study provides new insights into antibiotics and pig feeds Contact: Layne Cameron, University Relations, Office: (517) 353-8819, Cell: (765) 748-4827, layne.cameron@ur.msu.edu; Thad Stanton, USDA-ARS National Animal Disease Center, Office: (515) 337-7244, thad.stanton@ars.usda.gov; James Tiedje, Crop and Soil Sciences, Office: (517) 355-0271, ext. 1287, tiedjej@msu.edu
Published: Jan. 16, 2012 E-mail Editor ShareThis
Jim Tiedje, University Distinguished professor of microbiology and molecular genetics, is the co-author of a comprehensive study on antibiotics use in pig feed. Photo by Kurt Stepnitz.
Antibiotics in pig feed are increasing antibiotic resistance genes in gastronintestinal microbes in pigs. Photo courtesy of MSU.
Click on an image to view a larger or high-resolution version.
Related Links PNAS paper (opens in new window) EAST LANSING, Mich. — Antibiotics in pig feed increased the number of antibiotic resistant genes in gastrointestinal microbes in pigs, according to a study conducted by Michigan State University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service.
Published in the current edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the comprehensive study focused on understanding the effects of conventional, in-feed antibiotics in U.S. farms.
For decades, many producers of pigs, chickens and other farm animals have used antibiotics not only to protect their livestock from disease, but also to boost growth rates and enhance feed efficiency, a measure of how well animals convert feed into weight gains.
Scientists don’t know precisely how antibiotics enhance growth rates and feed efficiency, but they are concerned that on-farm use of these medications may contribute to the development of strains of microbes resistant to conventional antibiotics, which are potentially harmful to humans and animals, said James Tiedje, MSU University Distinguished Professor of microbiology and molecular genetics and of crop and soil sciences.
“The growth of antibiotic resistance in pathogens is a huge challenge for society around the world,” said Tiedje, an MSU AgBioResearch scientist. “Studies to understand what contributes to the spread and what interventions can help control the problem are vital.”
Additional findings include:
Both diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes increased in the intestinal microbial communities of the pigs treated with antibiotics. Longer term studies are needed. Some of the genes found in the treated pigs were unexpected and usually linked to antibiotics not used in the study. Microbial genes associated with production and use of energy by microbes increased in abundance in the antibiotic-fed pigs, which may shed light on how antibiotics increase livestock growth and feed efficiency. E. coli populations increased in the intestines of the treated pigs. Further study is needed to clarify this observation. “To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to look at the collateral impacts of in-feed antibiotic use in farm animals, using a comprehensive approach to detect shifts in the function and the makeup or membership of the microbial community in the model animal’s gastrointestinal tract,” said Torey Looft, USDA researcher.
Additional MSU researchers included Tim Johnson, doctoral student; Robert Stedtfeld, civil and environmental engineering research associate; Woo Jun Sul, doctoral student; Tiffany Stedtfeld, civil and environmental engineering technical aide; Benli Chai, information technologist, Center for Microbial Ecology; James Cole, assistant professor at the Center for Microbial Ecology; and Syed Hashsham, civil and environmental engineering professor.
Funding was provided by MSU’s Environmental Science and Policy Program initiative on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, ARS and the National Institutes of Health and through the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics program on Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance.
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Thursday, June 9, 2011
New Superbug Found in Cows and People
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Monday, April 18, 2011
Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry
TSS
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